同位語譯法

　　1. There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.

　　有一個這樣的原則，那就是所有公民應當滿足最低的年齡要求和識字能力要求。

　　2. Part of the fame of Allens book is its contention that Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.

　　愛倫的書之所以出名，部分原因是因為它辯論的觀點，即： 環境并未造就人，而是揭示了人的本性。

　　3. The word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

　　業余愛好者一詞的確帶有這樣一種內涵，那就是，沒有完全整合進科學界的人不會分享其價值觀。

　　4. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

　　網上文化推崇這樣一個概念，即在你提出具體的要求之后，信息才會出現在你屏幕上。

　　5. The idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

　　新聞工作者對于法律的理解應當比普通公民更加深刻，這個觀點建立在對新聞媒體既定規范和特殊社會責任的理解的基礎之上。

　　6. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.

　　沃爾夫對語言與思維的關系很感興趣，因此他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點：一個社會中，語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構。

　　7. The common belief of some linguistics that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the rest.

　　一些語言學家的共同見解是，每一種語言都是使用該語言的民族用以表達思想的完美載體。這一觀點在某些方面與曼徹斯特經濟學派的觀點，即供給與需求會將一切調節至盡善盡美，有異曲同工之處。

　　8. There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.

　　有一個原則是：所有公民應當具備最低的年齡要求和識字能力要求。

　　名詞性從句譯法

　　(1) what引導

　　1. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does.

　　當我回憶起悲傷事件時，我所做的和所有人一樣。

　　2. What makes this figure different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market.

　　他說道，使得這一數字與先前不同的原因在于，市場中仍然存在買家。

　　3. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.

　　了解了你擅長的領域，并多加練習，就能變得優秀。

　　4. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing.

　　我們無意識地將快餐和速度及不耐煩聯系起來，并把這種沖動帶入到日常所做的每一件事中去。

　　5. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

　　一個困難在于，幾乎所有成為行為科學的學科都繼續到心態、感覺、性格特征、人性等因素中去探究行為。

　　6. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose.

　　如果能將獨特性與普遍性相分離，我們就能夠理解文化行為產生的復雜性。

　　(2) how引導

　　1. The question is how we can get the loan.

　　問題是我們獲得貸款的方式。

　　2. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　希臘人認為本語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯系，這種觀點早在人們意識到語言的千差萬別之前就已經在歐洲扎下了根。

　　3. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the right answers.

　　在谷歌上進行一次搜索便會產生0.2到7.0克的二氧化碳，具體數值取決于人們得到正確答案所需的查詢次數。

　　(3) 其它

　　1. Anyway, the townsfolk cant understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.

　　無論如何，鎮民們還是不能夠理解皇家莎士比亞劇團需要補助的原因。

　　2. They caught up to where they should have stayed.

　　他們終于來到他們本該呆的地方。

　　3. He told them who he was and what he had done in the past.

　　他向他們講述他的身份和經歷。

　　4. When the first draft should be finished and how it should be ameliorated are just two of a great number of difficulties that the fledging newspaper reporter encounters.

　　完成初稿的時間以及修改方式，是這個初出茅廬的新聞記者面臨的眾多問題中的兩個。

　　5. This is why the more neutral substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists.

　　這就是很多醫師和心理學家現在更多使用中性物質的原因。

　　6. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.

　　根據演講對象的不同，問題應該也有所不同。

　　狀語譯法

　　1. Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

　　聽到這個消息，他們立即出發到上海去了。

　　2. Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.

　　從這個塔上遠眺，紫金山南麓是樹的海洋。

　　3. Printed white, the house looks bigger.

　　漆成白色后，這房子像是更大了。

　　4. Having written an important letter, I listened to the music for a while.

　　寫完一封重要的信之后，我聽了一會兒音樂。

　　5. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　持極端觀點的人認為，人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，所以對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

　　6.Writing in the last year of his life, Darwin expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.

　　達爾文在生命的最后一年里表達到，在最后二三十年里，他的思想在兩三個方面發生了改變。

　　定語從句譯法

　　(1) that型

　　1. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic trail that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.

　　更加令人擔憂的是，使用電子支付方式會留下電子痕跡，這些痕跡包含大量個人購買習慣的數據。

　　2. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

　　這些勞動者是諸如英國、加拿大以及澳大利亞等國試圖通過移民規則來吸引的人才，這些國家的移民規則給大學畢業生以優待。

　　3. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

　　這一體系容易忽視并最終消滅很多缺乏商業價值的物種，然而這些物種對于整個生物群落的健康運行是至關重要的。

　　4. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

　　這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕作方式很難在農業中繼續下去，而這種耕作方式使投入少數農民就可獲得高產成為可能。

　　5. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invited you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　這在一開始就將問題引向極端，它讓人們認為應該這樣對待動物：要么象對待人類自身那樣去關懷，要么完全冷漠無情。

　　(2) which型

　　1. Thus, the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept of set in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

　　因此，人類學中的文化就象數學中的集一樣，是一個抽象概念，這種抽象概念使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。

　　2. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start.

　　西弗吉尼亞州的民主黨參議院羅伯特比爾德提議向私營產業提供財政刺激，這一提案是一個有希望的開端。

　　3. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,

　　而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環境，

　　4. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter, we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison.

　　現在，既然對智力的評估是比較性的，那么，在對我們的對象進行比較時，所采用的尺度就應當是有效的或公平的。

　　(3) who, whom, whose型

　　1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.

　　我將其定義為這樣一個人：他以蘇格拉底的方式來思考道德問題，并將此當作人生的主要責任和樂趣。

　　2. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

　　在另一層面上，許多醫學界人士承認，關于輔助自殺的爭論的升溫的部分原因在于病人的絕望情緒，對這些病人來說，現代醫學事實上延長了臨終前身體的痛苦。

　　3. It was a really bad move because thats not my passion, says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictable, into a lack of sales.

　　寧說：因為這個工作不是我的興趣所在，所以這的確是糟糕的一步。結果可想而知，他的這一矛盾心理導致他的銷售業績不佳。

　　4. Realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen.

　　現實的樂觀主義者是那些把發生的事情做到最好的人。

　　5. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.

　　加入公司想在困難時期留住獨立董事，就必須提供經濟激勵。

　　(4) where型

　　1. Most of the prospective graduate students wish to enter a satisfactory university where they can not only find exciting life but also improve themselves on academics works.

　　大部分研究生希望進入一個令人滿意的，這個學校不但有激動人心的生活，還能使自己的學術能力得到提升。

　　2. Some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.

　　一些法庭開始支持被告方，尤其是在那些警告標簽也無濟于事的案件中。

　　被動態譯法

　　1. Wood could be used to produce many kinds of furniture.

　　木材可以用來制造各種家具。

　　2. These computers emit a great deal of heat, so the data centers need to be well air-conditioned.

　　這些電腦釋放出大量的熱，因此數據中心需要處于良好的溫度狀態。

　　3. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

　　達爾文相信，這些品味的失去不僅是快樂的喪失，還可能損害才智，更有可能造成道德品質的敗壞。

　　4. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education.

　　這因此使得我們能從迄今一直在考慮的廣泛過程中，區分出一種更加正式的教育形式。

　　5. The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.

　　該模式是政治科學家安德魯哈克在20世紀70年代后期所觀察到的。

　　6. This year, it was proposed that system be changed.

　　今年有人提議改變這一體制。

　　7. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter.

　　一位男子來到天堂，有圣皮特帶領他參觀。

　　8. Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.

　　我們幾乎所有重大問題都牽涉到人類行為，僅通過物理學和生物學技術是難以解決的。

　　9. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.

　　在已經經歷了一次痛苦的不可持續時期之后，他清楚地意識到，以可持續性為導向的價值觀必須通過每日行動和抉擇來得到表達。

　　后置定語譯法

　　1. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers.

　　那么，為了將結果快速傳送給用戶，谷歌就必須建立并維護遍布全球的大型數據中心，這些數據中心配備了功能強大的計算機。

　　2. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

　　對于計算機課堂教學，人們在觀點上存在著一條無形的界線：有人認為應從學生的就業前景來考慮這一問題，而另一些人認為應從推行徹底的教育改革方面來更加全面地考慮計算機進入教室這一問題。

　　長句的截斷

　　1. Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.

　　大量研究發現，發展中國家中受過良好教育的人尤其可能選擇移居他國。

　　2. The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.

　　該機構實質性的購買力會鞏固公共處方藥保險計劃，從而與藥品公司談判，以盡可能獲得最低價格。

　　3. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

　　行為科學的改變很緩慢，這部分是由于解釋性術語通常是直接觀察到的，部分是由于很難發現其它形式的解釋。

　　4. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the right answer.

　　在谷歌上進行一次搜索會釋放出0.2到7克的二氧化碳，具體數值依賴于得到正確所需的搜索次數。

　　5. Big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence.

　　大型零售商在管理產品類別、物流、以及營銷智能化方面，可以應用其規模、已有基礎設施和歷經考驗的技能，這是有利可圖的。

　　6. His work shows, probably better than that of any other anthropologist, the potential of cultural criticism inherent in the discipline.

　　他的工作展示了該學科中固有的文化批判的潛力，這一工作可能優于任何其他人類學家。

　　7. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.

　　如果不保護南方各州的制度，他們當時就不會簽署憲法。

　　增詞、減詞與換詞

　　1. As a biographer knows, a persons early life and its condition are often the greatest gift to an individual.

　　正如傳記作家所知的那樣，一個人的早期生活及環境通常是他一生中最大的禮物。

　　2. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.

　　過去的兩次危機均導致兩位數通貨膨脹和全球經濟衰退。

　　3. When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.

　　當發展中國家的人們為移民問題感到擔憂時，他們通過關心的是，如果千萬發達國家的硅谷、醫院、或是大學去工作，是否會給他們帶來最光明的前途。

　　4. The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.

　　我們的世界正在經歷有史以來最大的一波兼并和收購浪潮。

　　5. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.

　　報紙越來越成為收支平衡的生意，來自于讀者和廣告商的收益比例協調。

　　6. He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.

　　他的正在發表的一篇不僅暗示出某個人類群體會比其他群體更聰明，還解釋了這種現象產生的過程。

　　7. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme.

　　在物理學中，有一種方法將這一尋求一致性的沖動發揮到極致。

　　8. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.

　　農業生產者想要成功，就必須盡量多生產而少消費。

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